Timeline

Italy - 14th and 15th Centuries

	1301
May	Black Guelph  faction expelled from Florence
1 November	Charles of Valois enters Florence; Blacks return
December	Frederick II of Sicily defeats Charles II of Naples at Falconaria
	1302
27 January	The Black faction expels the Whites, including Dante, from Florence
May	Charles of Valois made captain-general of papal army
11 July	Battle of Courtrai. Philip IV of France is defeated by a Flemish army under Guy of Flanders  made up of citizen-soldiers
24 September	Treaty of Caltabellotta
	1303
7 September	William of Nogaret arrests Pope Boniface VIII at Anagni
12 September	The people of Anagni force William to release Boniface
	1304
26 April	Florentine factions are reconciled by Benedict XI
10 June	The centre of Florence destroyed by fire, set by agents of the Blacks
7 July	Pope Benedict XI dies
20 July	Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) born
	1306
January	Modena and Reggio rebel against Azzo d'Este
10 April	Pistoia surrenders to Florence and Lucca after a ten-month siege; they divide its territories
7 May	Bologna rebels against papal rule and expels the papal rector Giotto begins frescoes in the Arena Chapel at Padua
	1307
6 October	Corso Donati is killed while evading arrest. This marks the last attempt to establish supremacy by the nobles of Florence Master Jacopo of  Florence writes a treatise on mathematics
	1308
April	Pope Clement claims Ferrara as a papal fief Duccio paints Maestà for Siena Cathedral University of Perugia is founded
	1309
27 March	Clement declares Venice is no longer a Christian state because of its support for Folco d'Este
8 May	Death of Charles II of Naples; he is succeeded by his son Robert (-1343)
August	Papal forces defeat Venice at Tedaldo in the War of the Ferrarese Succession
	1310
15 June	Venice and Clement make peace; the pope appoints Robert as vicar of Ferrara Plot of Bajamonte Tiepolo and Mario Querini fails; Venice creates the Dieci Dante writes Convito - The Banquet The Doge's Palace in Venice is begun
	1311
6 January	Emperor Henry VII crowned King of Lombardy in Milan
September	Henry captures Brescia, which had resisted him After capturing and punishing Brescia, Henry proceeds to Rome Henry appoints Matteo Visconti imperial vicar of Milan and Cangrande della Scala as vicar of Verona
	1312
29 June	Henry VII crowned Emperor. Ceremony takes place in the Lateran because St. Peter's is held by hostile Romans supported by Robert of Naples. Henry leaves Rome as soon as the ceremony is over.
31 October	Henry tries but fails to take Florence Death of Malatesta, lord of Rimini Dante publishes De Monarchia.
	1313
13 June	Clement places Naples under papal protection
24 August	Henry VII dies while marching against Naples Boccaccio born (-1375) Cola di Rienzo born (-1354)
	1314
14 June	Uguccione della Faggiuola, despot of Pisa, gains Lucca through a rising organised by Castruccio Castracane
	1315
29 August	Uguccione of Pisa routs Florentine-Neapolitan army at Montecatini October Matteo Visconti of Milan captures Pavia Frederick  II assumes the title King of Sicily
	1316
	Giberto da Correggio is expelled from Parma, which now creates a republic Mondino de' Luzzi introduces dissection at University of Bologna
	1317
15 August	The citizens of Ferrara massacre the Neapolitan garrison and elect three of the d'Este as their rulers Ugguccione is expelled from Lucca and Pisa
	1318
	February peace between Verona and Padua July Padua accepts Jacopo da Carrara as its lord Robert of Anjou and Naples raises the siege of Genoa by Frederick  II of Sicily

	1319
19 January	Robert of Naples accepts lordship of Brescia
1 November	Ugguccione dies at siege of Padua
	1320
26 October	Cangrande della Scala makes peace with Padua Castruccio Castracani elected captain-general for life of Lucca
	1321
April	Milan captures Vercelli
	1322
5 January	Milan takes Cremona
24 June	Matteo Visconti dies; son Galeazzo (-1328) succeeds
	1323
February	Bertrand du Poujet, papal legate to Lombardy, captures Tortona and Monza
11 June	du Poujet begins a siege of Milan
28 June	Siege of Milan abandoned when Imperial troops arrive
	1325
23 September	Castruccio Castracani of Lucca defeats Robert of Naples with his ally Florence at Altopascio
25 November	Ghibelline forces defeat Bologna at Zapolino
2 December	Florence chooses Duke Charles of Calabria, son of Robert, as its lord
	1326
5 June	du Poujet takes Modena
30 September	du Poujet takes Parma
	1327
8 February	du Poujet takes Bologna
May	Lewis crowned King of Lombardy in Milan
	1328
August	Galeazzo Visconti dies; son Azzo (-1339) succeeds
3 September	Castruccio Castracani dies
11 November	Duke Charles of Calabria dies
	1329
22 July	Cangrande della Scala of Verona dies; succeeded by Mastino della Scala
24 December	Brescia accepts John of Bohemia as its lord; he raises Mastino's siege
	1332
July	John of Bohemia is driven out of Brescia
September	League of Ferrara formed to oppose  John of Bohemia and du Poujet
November	Azzo Visconti takes Pavia
25 November	Charles, son of  John of Bohemia, defeats the Estensi of Ferrara at San Felice
	1333
6 February	du Poujet defeats the Ferrarese and takes Consadaolo
14 April	du Poujet and  John of Bohemia are defeated before Ferrara
	1334
17 August	Bologna rebels and expels du Poujet
	1337
25 January	Frederick  II  of Sicily dies; son Peter II (-1342) succeeds
	Azzo Visconti takes Piacenza Mastino della Scala takes Lucca
	1339
16 August	Azzo Visconti dies; uncle Luchino (-1349) succeeds
23 September	Popular rebellion in Genoa, which elects its first doge, Simone Boccanera
	Venice seizes Treviso, its first mainland conquest
	1341
	Mastino della Scala's empire collapses; he retains only Verona and Vicenza

	1342
8 August	Peter II of Sicily dies; son Louis (-1355) succeeds
8 September	Walter of Brienne proclaimed Signore of Florence
	1343
20 January	Robert of Naples dies; granddaughter Joanna I succeeds, who is married to Andrew of Hungary
1 August	Florence rebels and drives out Walter of Brienne, restoring the commune
	1345
18 November	Andrew of Hungary and Naples is murdered, supposedly at the instigation of his wife Joanna; his brother, Lewis of Hungary, subsequently makes war on Naples The Bardi and Peruzzi go bankrupt. The Popolo Minuto rebel but are crushed, and their leader, Ciuto Brandini, is hanged.
	1346
20 August	Joanna of Naples marries Louis of Taranto
	1347
20 May	Cola di Rienzo becomes Tribune in Rome
20 November	Cola di Rienzo defeats the Roman nobles
15 December	Cola di Rienzo resigns and flees when the people of Rome rebel against him
	1348
15 January	Joanna of Naples sells Avignon to the papacy Lewis invades Kingdom of Naples
	1349
24 January	Luchino Visconti dies; brother Archbishop Giovanni (-1354) succeeds
	1350
17 February	Giovanni de' Manfredi seizes Faenza, in the Papal States
23 October	Giovanni Visconti takes Bologna Lewis of Hungary conquers Naples
	1351
15 October	Gian Galeazzo Visconti is born
17 October	Florence defeats an invasion by Milan
	1352
28 April	Clement VI makes peace with Giovanni Visconti and makes him vicar of Bologna
	1353
31 March	Treaty of Sarzana, Milan makes peace with Florence
30 June	Pope Innocent appoints Cardinal Gil Albornoz as legate to the Papal States
29 August	Venice defeats Genoa off La Loiera, Sardinia; Genoa then accepts Giovanni Visconti as its lord
	1354
15 February	Florence allies with Siena and Perugia against Milan
5 June	Albornoz accepts the submission of Giovanni di Vico, Prefect of Rome, who had previously been virtually independent
1 August	Albornoz makes Cola di Rienzo a Senator of Rome
October	Charles IV enters Italy
5 October	Archbishop Giovanni Visconti of Milan dies; succeeded by his nephews Bernabò, Galeazzo III, and Matteo II
8 October	Cola di Rienzo is killed during a popular revolt
4 November	Venice defeats Genoa at Porto Longo
	1355
17 April	Doge Marino Falieri is executed by the Dieci for treason
1 May	Genoa makes peace with Venice
7 June	Galeotto Malatesta of Rimini cedes his conquests to Albornoz in the Treaty of Gubbio
24 June	Albornoz takes Ancona
	1356
14 November	Simone Boccanera expels Milanese from Genoa
	War between Hungary and Venice
	1357
29 April	Albornoz issues the Egidian Constitutions, which governed the Papal States until the beginning of the 19th century
27 June	Albornoz takes Cesena

 

	1359
4 July	Ordelaffi of Forli surrenders to Albornoz
	Amadeus of Savoy takes Piedmont
	1360
17 March	Albornoz takes Bologna
	1361
16 June	Papal forces defeat those of Milan, which had been besieging Bologna
	1362
26 May	Louis of Taranto, King of Naples, dies
	1363
3 March	Pope Urban condemns Bernabò Visconti as a heretic
26 November	Urban dismisses Albornoz as papal legate
	Amadeus of Savoy acquires Saluzzo
	1364
3 March	Pope Urban makes peace with Bernabò Visconti
	1367
16 October	Urban returns the papacy to Rome
	1368
	Florentine dyers go on strike for higher wages
	1369
	Venice turns back an invasion by Hungary
	1370
27 September	Urban leaves Rome and returns the papacy to Avignon
17 October	Pietro Gambacorta becomes ruler of Pisa (-1392). This marks the end of the Pisan Republic.
	1373
31 March	Joanna of Naples recognises the independence of Sicily, after Frederick III  agrees not to call himself King of Sicily. He instead is known as the King of Trinacria which is Sicily.
	1374
31 March	Bernabò Visconti makes peace with Count Amadeus of Savoy
	1375
October	Florence organises a league with towns in the Papal States
	1376
19 March	Bologna rebels against the pope
31 March	Gregory places Florence under interdict. This marks the beginning of the War of the Eight Saints.
	1377
17 January	Pope Gregory restores the papacy to Rome
3 February	Robert of Geneva, papal legate in the war with Florence, takes Cesena and massacres its inhabitants
27 July	Frederick III  of Trinacria (Sicily) dies; daughter Maria succeeds (-1402)
	1378
27 March	Pope Gregory XI dies in Rome
21 July	Revolt of the Ciompi in Florence, led by Michele di Lando
28 July	Florence and the papacy make peace in Treaty of Tivoli, ending the War of the Eight Saints
4 August	Galeazzo II  of Milan dies; son Gian Galeazzo I succeeds (-1402)
31 August	The Popolo Minuto rise a second time in Florence but are suppressed by Michele di Lando
October	Venice takes Tenedos from Genoa in the War of Chiogga (-1381)
	1379
March	Gian Galeazzo of Milan takes Asti
16 August	Genoa captures Chiogga from Venice
	1380
22 June	Venice recovers Chiogga

	1381
26 July	Charles of Durazzo enters Naples
8 August	Genoa and Venice end the War of Chiogga in Treaty of Turin
	1382
March	Joanna of Naples surrenders to Charles of Durazzo; she is imprisoned and soon afterwards dies, presumably murdered
15 March	The Popolo Grasso recover power in Florence
30 May	Pope Clement crowns Louis of Anjou  as King of Naples
June	Louis leads an army into Italy
	1383
1 March	Death of the Green Count, Amadeus VI of Savoy
	1384
21 September	Louis of Anjou dies at Bari while trying to conquer Naples; he is succeeded by his son Louis II
20 November	Florence occupies Arezzo
	1385
23 March	The nobles of Siena overthrow the democratic government there
6 May	Gian Galeazzo arrests his uncle Bernabò
21 May	Clement VII invests Louis II with Naples
18 December	Bernabò Visconti murdered, presumably on Gian Galeazzo's orders
	1386
1 January	Valentina Visconti, Gian Galeazzo's daughter, is married to Louis of Touraine, brother to King Charles VI of France
19 October	Gian Galeazzo takes Verona, ending della Scala rule there
	Rebellion in Naples; Ladislas and his mother Margaret flee; the Kingdom of Naples is now occupied by Louis II
	1388
24 November	Gian Galeazzo takes Padua
	1389
	Cosimo de' Medici is born
	1390
April	Gian Galeazzo declares war on Florence and Bologna
19 June	Francesco da Carrara recovers Padua from Milan
August	Louis II of Anjou enters the city of Naples
	1391
25 July	Milan defeats a Florentine army at Alessandria
	Queen Maria of Trinacria (Sicily) marries Martin of Aragon (-1409)
	1392
January	Milan makes a truce with Florence
11 April	Florence, Bologna, Padua, Ferrara, and other towns form League of Bologna against Milan
21 October	Pietro Gambacorta is killed in a riot that was instigated by Jacopo d'Appiano, who now becomes the ruler of Pisa
	1396
29 September	France joins Florence against Milan
27 November	France takes possession of Genoa
	1397
March	Milan invades the territories of Mantua
August	The League of Bologna forces defeat Milan and Governolo
	1398
11 May	Gian Galeazzo makes a ten-year truce with Mantua
September	Jacopo d'Appiano of Pisa dies; his son Gherardo succeeds, with Milanese help
	1399
15 February	Gian Galeazzo buys Pisa from Gherardo d'Appiano
6 September	Siena accepts the overlordship of Gian Galeazzo
	Louis II of Anjou is expelled from Naples and Ladislas is accepted as king

	1400
21 January	Perugia accepts Gian Galeazzo as lord; soon after, so do Assisi, Lucca, and Spoleto
21 March	Gian Galeazzo makes peace with Venice; Florence is now isolated
	1401
March	Giovanni Bentivoglio proclaims himself lord of Bologna
October	Rupert fails to take Brescia; he was subsidised by Florence, while Brescia was held by a Milanese garrison
	1402
26 June	Gian Galeazzo defeats Florentine forces at Casalecchio
27 June	Bologna surrenders to Gian Galeazzo; Bentivoglio is murdered
3 September	Gian Galeazzo dies
	1404
	Francesco of Padua seizes Verona and Brescia; Venice responds, capturing Verona and Vicenza
	1405
November	Francesco Carrara II of Padua surrenders to Venice
	1406
17 February	Francesco Carrara murdered in prison
9 October	Florence annexes Pisa
	1407
8 March	Francesco Gonzaga  of Mantua dies; son Gian Francesco I succeeds (-1444)
	1408
25 April	Ladislas of Naples occupies Rome
	1409
25 March	Council of Pisa begins
24 July	Martin of Trinacria (Sicily) dies; Martin of Aragon annexes the kingdom
3 September	Genoa expels the French garrison
October	Ladislas of Naples is driven out of the Papal States; Louis II moves on Naples
	1410
31 May	Martin of Aragon and Naples dies without heirs; civil war ensues
	1411
9 May	Louis of Anjou defeats Ladislas of Naples at Roccasecca, but Louis then withdraws to France
	1412
16 May	Giovanni Visconti murdered; succeeded by his brother Filippo Maria (-1447
	1413
7 June	Ladislas takes Rome; Pope John XXIII (Antipope) flees to Bologna
	1414
6 August	King Ladislas of Naples dies; succeeded by his sister, Joanna II (-1435) 1416
2 April	Ferdinand I of Aragon and Sicily dies; succeeded by his son Alfonso V (-1458)
	Piero de' Medici born (-1469)
	1420
	August Louis III of Anjou arrives in Naples
September	Alfonso of Aragon occupies Naples; Joanna adopts him as her heir
	1421
30 June	Florence buys Leghorn [Livorno] from Genoa
28 October	Milan annexes Genoa
	1422
30 June	Carmagnola defeats the Swiss for Milan, which gains control of the Val d'Ossola
	1423
May	Queen Joanna II changes her mind. She adopts Louis III as her heir and tries to drive Alfonso out of Naples
	Florence declares war on Milan; lasts until 1454

	1424
3 January	Muzio Attendolo Sforza dies; Francesco succeeds
	1425
3 December	Venice joins Florence in an alliance against Milan
	1426
27 January	Alfonso of Aragon joins league against Milan
February	Venice declares war on Milan
	GianFrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua takes Brescia from Milan
	1427
11 October	Francesco Carmagnola leads Venetian forces to victory over Milan at Maclodio, winning Bergamo for Venice
	1428
19 April	Peace of Ferrara; Milan cedes Brescia and Bergamo to Venice
	1430
2 December	Niccolò Piccinino, condottiere serving Milan, defeats Florentine forces on Serchio River
	1431
May	Pope Eugenius wages war on the Colonna in Rome
17 May	Piccinino and Sforza defeat Venetian forces under Carmagnola at Soncino
23 May	Genoa, currently under Milanese rule, defeats a Venetian fleet on the Po River
27 August	A Genoese fleet defeats a Venetian fleet near Portofino
	1432
5 May	Venice executes Carmagnola
	1433
26 April	Milan and Venice agree to a truce
22 September	GianFrancesco Gonzaga  is made Marquis of Mantua by Sigismund
	1434
4 June	Eugenius flees Rome for Florence, driven out by the Colonna family with help from Milan
28 August	Piccinino defeats Florentine and Venetian forces near Imola
5 October	Cosimo de' Medici returns from exile and Palla Strozzi is banished
	1435
2 February	Joanna II of Naples dies; she leaves her kingdom to Réné of Anjou, but this is contested by Alfonso of Aragon
5 August	Alfonso of Aragon is defeated and captured by Genoa off the Isle of Ponza; he is forced to make a treaty with Milan in order to win his freedom
27 December	Francesco Spinola expels Milanese from Genoa
	1438
21 May	Piccinino enters Bologna on behalf of Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan; war with Venice is renewed
	1439
	9 November Sforza , serving Venice, defeats Piccinino, serving Milan, near Riva
	1440
29 June	Florentine and papal forces defeat Piccinino at Anghiari; Florence gains the Borgo San Sepulchro
	1441
21 February	Venice annexes Ravenna
25 October	Francesco Sforza marries Bianca Maria Visconti, heiress to the duchy of Milan
20 November	Milan and Venice make peace
	1442
2 June	Alfonso of Aragon captures Naples
	1443
26 February	Alfonso enters Naples and is acclaimed king; Sicily and Naples united under him
5 June	Bologna rebels and expels Piccinino
5 December	Giuliano della Rovere (Pope Julius II) born
	1444
23 September	GianFrancesco Gonzaga  of Mantua dies; son Lodovico III succeeds
15 October	Niccolò Piccinino dies

	1447
13 August	Filippo Maria Visconti dies; Ambrosian Republic
	Charles of Orleans lays claim to the crown of Naples
	1448
15 September	Sforza defeats Venice at Caravaggio
19 October	Sforza allies with Venice against Milan
	1449
1 January	Lorenzo de' Medici "The Magnificent" born
	1450
25 February	Milan accepts Sforza as its duke
	1452
18 April	Emperor Frederick III creates Borso d'Este as Duke of Modena and Reggio
19 April	Venice declares war on Milan
	1453
7 January	Stefano Porcaro is executed for plotting to arrest Pope Nichoas V and found a republic in Rome
	1454
9 April	Peace of Lodi
August	Milan, Venice and Florence form a league for 25 years, to which the papacy and Alfonso of Naples accede
	1457
23 October	Doge Francesco Foscari is deposed by the Dieci
	1459
1 June	Pope Pius holds a crusade congress for the recovery of Constantinople, at Mantua; it is poorly attended
August	Rebellion breaks out against Ferrante of Naples
	1460
7 July	Ferrante is defeated at Nola by Jean of Anjou
	1462
18 August	Ferrante, aided by Skanderbeg (George Castriota), defeats Jean of Anjou near Troia, ending the rebellion
	1463
December	Louis cedes French claim over Genoa to Sforza of Milan
	1464
1 August	Cosimo de' Medici dies; son Piero succeeds
	1466
8 March	Francesco Sforza dies; son Galeazzo Maria succeeds
	1469
23 August	Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, Ferrante's son, defeats invading papal forces
2 December	Piero de' Medici dies
	1471
April	Pope Paul II creates Borso d'Este as Duke of Ferrara
3 July	Lorenzo de' Medici takes full control of Florence when the Signoria appoints his nominees as the ten Accoppiatori
	1474
August	Pietro Mocenigo raises the siege of Scutari by the Turks
	1476
21 July	Alfonso d'Este, Duke of Modena is born
26 December	Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan murdered; succeeded by his son, Gian Galeazzo, with his mother, Bona of Savoy, as regent
	1478
26 April	Giuliano de' Medici  murdered in the Pazzi Conspiracy
1 June	Pope Sixtus excommunicates Lorenzo de' Medici
	1479
7 September	Ludovico il Moro becomes ruler of Milan
7 September	Alfonso of Calabria defeats the Florentines at Poggibonzi
	1480
6 March	Lorenzo de' Medici makes peace between Naples and Florence
10 August	Turks capture Otranto
	1481
18 April	Lucrezia Borgia born
September	Turks in Otranto surrender to Alfonso of Calabria
	1482
2 May	Venice and the papacy declare war on Ferrara, which is supported by Florence, Milan, and Naples
21 August	Roberto Malatesta,  Condottiere  for Venice, defeats Alfonso of Calabria at Campo Morto
12 December	Ercole of Ferrara makes peace with the papacy
	1483
February	Pope Sixtus IV joins the league against Venice
	1484
7 August	War of Ferrara ends with Treaty of Bagnolo
	1485
30 October	Pope Innocent VIII  begins a war against Ferrante of Naples
	1486
7 May	Alfonso of Calabria defeats papal forces at Montorio
	1487
11 August	Innocent VIII  makes peace with Ferrante of Naples
	Ferrante massacres nobles who had rebelled
	1492
11 August	Rodrigo Borgia elected pope (Alexander VI)